Greenhouse Construction Structures and Materials:

1. Structure Types:

- Glass Greenhouse: Transparent glass covering provides optimal light conditions but comes with higher costs.

- Polyethylene Greenhouse: Covering with polyethylene film is cost-effective but offers lower light transparency and insulation.

- Polycarbonate Greenhouse: Polycarbonate sheets combine the advantages of glass and polyethylene with moderate costs.

2. Support Structures:

- Metal Frames: Steel or aluminum structures provide stable support.

- Plastic Frames: Constructed with high-strength plastic materials, lightweight but may be less sturdy than metal.

3. Foundations and Flooring:

- Concrete Foundations: Offer robust support, suitable for large greenhouses.

- Ground Cover: Use of ground film or tiles to maintain cleanliness and temperature inside the greenhouse.

Structure and Material Comparison and Cost Analysis:

Glass Greenhouse:

- Pros: Optimal light transparency, long lifespan.

- Cons: High cost.

- Cost Analysis: High initial investment but offers long-term benefits.

Polyethylene Greenhouse:

- Pros: Low cost, lightweight.

- Cons: Lower light transparency and insulation.

- Cost Analysis: Low initial investment but may require more energy to maintain temperature.

Polycarbonate Greenhouse:

- Pros: Moderate cost, combines light transparency and insulation.

- Cons: Costlier than polyethylene.

- Cost Analysis: Moderate initial and operating costs.

Lighting System in Greenhouses:

Why LED Lighting is Needed:

In certain conditions, natural light may not be sufficient, especially during winter, cloudy days, or at night. LED lighting plays a crucial role in providing the necessary light energy for photosynthesis, promoting plant growth.

Requirements for LED Lights:

1. Spectrum: LED lights should include the necessary blue and red wavelengths crucial for photosynthesis. Blue light aids in the initial growth stages, while red light is essential for flower and fruit development.

2. Power: The power of lighting fixtures should be adjusted based on greenhouse size and plant requirements. Typically, lighting power ranges from 200 to 1000 micromoles per square meter.

3. Lighting Duration: Ensure plants receive the appropriate lighting duration, generally requiring 12-16 hours of light per day.

Equipment and Technological Route Inside the Greenhouse:

1. Greenhouse Control System (Software):

- Sensors monitor temperature, humidity, light intensity, etc.

- Automation adjusts ventilation, shading, heating, etc., based on sensor data.

2. Irrigation System (Hardware):

- Automatic water management system, such as drip irrigation, spray irrigation, or hydroponic systems.

- Integrated water and nutrient system to ensure plants receive adequate nutrition.

3. Lighting System:

- LED Lighting System: Provides necessary light, especially in low light conditions.

- Spectrum: Includes blue and red light.

- Power: 200 to 1000 micromoles per square meter.

- Lighting Duration: 12-16 hours/day.

4. Vertical Farming Technology:

- Multilayer cultivation maximizes land utilization.

- Use of rolling racks and other equipment for convenient crop management.

5. Hydroponic/Aeroponic Systems:

- Provides nutrient water solution or misted gases to promote plant growth.

6. CEA Technology:

- Precise control of temperature, humidity, CO2 concentration, simulating an ideal growth environment.

Conclusion:

The choice of a greenhouse should be based on specific needs and budget considerations. Different structures and materials impact light transparency, insulation, and costs differently. Combining advanced equipment and technologies, such as CEA, vertical farming, and hydroponic/aeroponic systems, can further enhance productivity and crop quality. In investment decisions, long-term benefits and sustainability should be considered. The use of LED lighting systems plays a crucial role in providing additional light, particularly in unfavorable conditions for plant growth.